2. Installation

This chapter will describe how to get, compile and run the software.

ESPResSo releases are available as source code packages from the homepage 1. This is where new users should get the code. The code within release packages is tested and known to run on a number of platforms. Alternatively, people that want to use the newest features of ESPResSo or that want to start contributing to the software can instead obtain the current development code via the version control system software 2 from ESPResSo’s project page at Github 3. This code might be not as well tested and documented as the release code; it is recommended to use this code only if you have already gained some experience in using ESPResSo.

Unlike most other software, no binary distributions of ESPResSo are available, and the software is usually not installed globally for all users. Instead, users of ESPResSo should compile the software themselves. The reason for this is that it is possible to activate and deactivate various features before compiling the code. Some of these features are not compatible with each other, and some of the features have a profound impact on the performance of the code. Therefore it is not possible to build a single binary that can satisfy all needs. For performance reasons a user should always activate only those features that are actually needed. This means, however, that learning how to compile is a necessary evil. The build system of ESPResSo uses cmake 4 to compile software easily on a wide range of platforms.

2.1. Requirements

The following tools libraries, including header files, are required to be able to compile and use ESPResSo:

CMake

The build system is based on CMake

C++ Compiler

C++14 capable C++ compiler (e.g., gcc 5 or later)

Boost

A number of advanced C++ features used by ESPResSo are provided by Boost. We strongly recommend to use at least Boost 1.67.

FFTW

For some algorithms (P\(^3\)M), ESPResSo needs the FFTW library version 3 or later 5 for Fourier transforms, including header files.

MPI

Because ESPResSo is parallelized with MPI, you need a working MPI environment that implements the MPI standard version 1.2.

Python

ESPResSo’s main user interface is via the Python 3 scripting interface.

Cython

Cython is used for connecting the C++ core to Python. At least version 0.23 is required.

2.1.1. Installing requirements on Ubuntu Linux

To make ESPResSo run on 18.04 LTS, its dependencies can be installed with:

sudo apt install build-essential cmake cython3 python3-numpy \
  libboost-all-dev openmpi-common fftw3-dev libhdf5-dev libhdf5-openmpi-dev \
  python3-opengl libgsl-dev

Optionally the ccmake utility can be installed for easier configuration:

sudo apt install cmake-curses-gui

To run the tutorials and generate the documentation, additional Python packages are required:

sudo apt install python3-matplotlib python3-scipy ipython3 jupyter-notebook
sudo pip3 install 'pint>=0.9'

2.1.1.1. Nvidia GPU acceleration

If your computer has an Nvidia graphics card, you should also download and install the CUDA SDK to make use of GPU computation:

sudo apt install nvidia-cuda-toolkit

On Ubuntu, the default GCC compiler is too recent for nvcc, which will generate compiler errors. You can either install an older version of GCC and select it with environment variables CC and CXX when building ESPResSo, or edit the system header files as shown in the following example for Ubuntu 18.04:

sudo sed -i 's/__GNUC__ > 6/__GNUC__ > 7/g' /usr/include/crt/host_config.h
sudo sed -i 's/than 6/than 7/g' /usr/include/crt/host_config.h

2.1.1.2. AMD GPU acceleration

If your computer has an AMD graphics card, you should also download and install the ROCm SDK to make use of GPU computation:

wget -qO - http://repo.radeon.com/rocm/apt/debian/rocm.gpg.key | sudo apt-key add -
echo 'deb [arch=amd64] http://repo.radeon.com/rocm/apt/debian/ xenial main' | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/rocm.list
sudo apt update
sudo apt install libnuma-dev rocm-dkms rocblas rocfft rocrand rocthrust

After installing the ROCm SDK, please reboot your computer.

2.1.2. Installing requirements on other Linux distributions

Please refer to the following Dockerfiles to find the minimum set of packages required to compile ESPResSo on other Linux distributions:

2.1.3. Installing requirements on Mac OS X

2.1.3.1. Preparation

To make ESPResSo run on Mac OS X 10.9 or higher, you need to install its dependencies. There are two possibilities for this, MacPorts and Homebrew. We recommend MacPorts, but if you already have Homebrew installed, you can use that too. To check whether you already have one or the other installed, run the following commands:

test -e /opt/local/bin/port && echo "MacPorts is installed"
test -e /usr/local/bin/brew && echo "Homebrew is installed"

If both are installed, you need to remove one of the two. To do that, run one of the following two commands:

sudo port -f uninstall installed && rm -r /opt/local
ruby -e "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/master/uninstall)"

If Homebrew is already installed, you should resolve any problems reported by the command

brew doctor

If Anaconda Python or the Python from www.python.org are installed, you will likely not be able to run ESPResSo. Therefore, please uninstall them using the following commands:

sudo rm -r ~/anaconda[23]
sudo rm -r /Library/Python

If you want to install MacPorts, download the installer package appropriate for your Mac OS X version from https://www.macports.org/install.php and install it.

If you want to install Homebrew, use the following commands.

sudo xcode-select --install
sudo xcodebuild -license accept
/usr/bin/ruby -e "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Homebrew/install/master/install)"

2.1.3.2. Installing packages using MacPorts

Run the following commands:

sudo xcode-select --install
sudo xcodebuild -license accept
sudo port selfupdate
sudo port install cmake python37 py37-cython py37-numpy \
  openmpi-default fftw-3 +openmpi boost +openmpi +python37 \
  doxygen py37-opengl py37-sphinx gsl hdf5 +openmpi \
  py37-matplotlib py37-ipython py37-jupyter
sudo port select --set cython cython37
sudo port select --set python3 python37
sudo port select --set mpi openmpi-mp-fortran

2.1.3.3. Installing packages using Homebrew

brew install cmake python cython boost boost-mpi fftw \
  doxygen gsl numpy ipython jupyter
brew install hdf5-mpi
brew link --force cython
pip install PyOpenGL matplotlib

2.1.3.4. Installing CUDA

If your Mac has an Nvidia graphics card, you should also download and install the CUDA SDK 6 to make use of GPU computation.

2.2. Quick installation

If you have installed the requirements (see section Requirements) in standard locations, compiling ESPResSo is usually only a matter of creating a build directory and calling cmake and make in it. See for example the command lines below (optional steps which modify the build process are commented out):

mkdir build
cd build
#cp myconfig-default.hpp myconfig.hpp # use the default configuration as template
#nano myconfig.hpp                    # edit to add/remove features as desired
cmake ..
#ccmake . // in order to add/remove features like ScaFaCoS or CUDA
make

This will build ESPResSo with a default feature set, namely src/config/myconfig-default.hpp. This file is a C++ header file, which defines the features that should be compiled in. You may want to adjust the feature set to your needs. This can be easily done by copying the myconfig-sample.hpp which has been created in the build directory to myconfig.hpp and only uncomment the features you want to use in your simulation.

The cmake command looks for libraries and tools needed by ESPResSo. So ESPResSo can only be built if cmake reports no errors.

The command make will compile the source code. Depending on the options passed to the program, make can also be used for a number of other things:

  • It can install and uninstall the program to some other directories. However, normally it is not necessary to actually install to run it: make install

  • It can invoke code checks: make check

  • It can build this documentation: make sphinx

When these steps have successfully completed, ESPResSo can be started with the command:

./pypresso <SCRIPT>

where <SCRIPT> is a python script which has to be written by the user. You can find some examples in the samples folder of the source code directory. If you want to run in parallel, you should have compiled with Open MPI, and need to tell MPI to run in parallel. The actual invocation is implementation dependent, but in many cases, such as Open MPI, you can use

mpirun -n <N> ./pypresso <SCRIPT>

where <N> is the number of processors to be used.

2.3. Features

This chapter describes the features that can be activated in ESPResSo. Even if possible, it is not recommended to activate all features, because this will negatively affect ESPResSo’s performance.

Features can be activated in the configuration header myconfig.hpp (see section myconfig.hpp: Activating and deactivating features). To activate FEATURE, add the following line to the header file:

#define FEATURE

2.3.1. General features

  • ELECTROSTATICS This enables the use of the various electrostatics algorithms, such as P3M.

    See also

    Electrostatics

  • MMM1D_GPU

  • DIPOLES This activates the dipole-moment property of particles; In addition, the various magnetostatics algorithms, such as P3M are switched on.

  • SCAFACOS_DIPOLES

  • ROTATION Switch on rotational degrees of freedom for the particles, as well as the corresponding quaternion integrator.

    Note

    When this feature is activated, every particle has three additional degrees of freedom, which for example means that the kinetic energy changes at constant temperature is twice as large.

  • LANGEVIN_PER_PARTICLE Allows to choose the Langevin temperature and friction coefficient per particle.

  • ROTATIONAL_INERTIA

  • EXTERNAL_FORCES Allows to define an arbitrary constant force for each particle individually. Also allows to fix individual coordinates of particles, keep them at a fixed position or within a plane.

  • MASS Allows particles to have individual masses. Note that some analysis procedures have not yet been adapted to take the masses into account correctly.

  • EXCLUSIONS Allows to exclude specific short ranged interactions within molecules.

  • BOND_CONSTRAINT Turns on the RATTLE integrator which allows for fixed lengths bonds between particles.

  • VIRTUAL_SITES_COM Virtual sites are particles, the position and velocity of which is not obtained by integrating equations of motion. Rather, they are placed using the position (and orientation) of other particles. The feature allows to place a virtual particle into the center of mass of a set of other particles.

    See also

    Virtual sites

  • VIRTUAL_SITES_RELATIVE Virtual sites are particles, the position and velocity of which is not obtained by integrating equations of motion. Rather, they are placed using the position (and orientation) of other particles. The feature allows for rigid arrangements of particles.

    See also

    Virtual sites

  • METADYNAMICS

  • COLLISION_DETECTION Allows particles to be bound on collision.

In addition, there are switches that enable additional features in the integrator or thermostat:

  • NPT Enables an on-the-fly NPT integration scheme.

  • MEMBRANE_COLLISION

  • ENGINE

  • PARTICLE_ANISOTROPY

2.3.2. Fluid dynamics and fluid structure interaction

  • DPD Enables the dissipative particle dynamics thermostat and interaction.

    See also

    DPD interaction

  • LB_BOUNDARIES

  • LB_BOUNDARIES_GPU

  • AFFINITY

  • LB_ELECTROHYDRODYNAMICS Enables the implicit calculation of electro-hydrodynamics for charged particles and salt ions in an electric field.

  • ELECTROKINETICS

  • EK_BOUNDARIES

  • EK_DEBUG

  • EK_DOUBLE_PREC

2.3.3. Interaction features

The following switches turn on various short ranged interactions (see section Isotropic non-bonded interactions):

  • TABULATED Enable support for user-defined non-bonded interaction potentials.

  • LENNARD_JONES Enable the Lennard-Jones potential.

  • LENNARD_JONES_GENERIC Enable the generic Lennard-Jones potential with configurable exponents and individual prefactors for the two terms.

  • LJCOS Enable the Lennard-Jones potential with a cosine-tail.

  • LJCOS2 Same as LJCOS, but using a slightly different way of smoothing the connection to 0.

  • WCA Enable the Weeks–Chandler–Andersen potential.

  • GAY_BERNE Enable the Gay–Berne potential (experimental).

  • HERTZIAN Enable the Hertzian potential.

  • MORSE Enable the Morse potential.

  • BUCKINGHAM Enable the Buckingham potential.

  • SOFT_SPHERE Enable the soft sphere potential.

  • SMOOTH_STEP Enable the smooth step potential, a step potential with two length scales.

  • BMHTF_NACL Enable the Born–Meyer–Huggins–Tosi–Fumi potential, which can be used to model salt melts.

  • GAUSSIAN Enable the Gaussian potential.

  • HAT Enable the Hat potential.

  • UMBRELLA Enable the umbrella potential (experimental).

Some of the short-range interactions have additional features:

  • LJGEN_SOFTCORE This modifies the generic Lennard-Jones potential (LENNARD_JONES_GENERIC) with tunable parameters.

  • THOLE See Thole correction

2.3.4. Debug messages

Finally, there is a flag for debugging:

  • ADDITIONAL_CHECKS Enables numerous additional checks which can detect inconsistencies especially in the cell systems. These checks are however too slow to be enabled in production runs.

    Note

    Because of a bug in OpenMPI versions 2.0-2.1, 3.0.0-3.0.2 and 3.1.0-3.1.2 that causes a segmentation fault when running the ESPResSo OpenGL visualizer with feature ADDITIONAL_CHECKS enabled together with either ELECTROSTATICS or DIPOLES, the subset of additional checks for those two features are disabled if an unpatched version of OpenMPI is detected during compilation.

2.3.5. Features marked as experimental

Some of the above features are marked as EXPERIMENTAL. Activating these features can have unexpected side effects and some of them have known issues. If you activate any of these features, you should understand the corresponding source code and do extensive testing. Furthermore, it is necessary to define EXPERIMENTAL_FEATURES in myconfig.hpp.

2.3.6. External features

External features cannot be added to the myconfig.hpp file by the user. They are added by CMake if the corresponding dependency was found on the system. Some of these external features are optional and must be activated using a CMake flag (see Options and Variables).

2.4. Configuring

2.4.1. myconfig.hpp: Activating and deactivating features

ESPResSo has a large number of features that can be compiled into the binary. However, it is not recommended to actually compile in all possible features, as this will slow down ESPResSo significantly. Instead, compile in only the features that are actually required. A strong gain in speed can be achieved by disabling all non-bonded interactions except for a single one, e.g. LENNARD_JONES. For developers, it is also possible to turn on or off a number of debugging messages. The features and debug messages can be controlled via a configuration header file that contains C-preprocessor declarations. Subsection Features describes all available features. If a file named myconfig.hpp is present in the build directory when cmake is run, all features defined in it will be compiled in. If no such file exists, the configuration file src/config/myconfig-default.hpp will be used instead, which turns on the default features.

When you distinguish between the build and the source directory, the configuration header can be put in either of these. Note, however, that when a configuration header is found in both directories, the one in the build directory will be used.

By default, the configuration header is called myconfig.hpp. The configuration header can be used to compile different binary versions of with a different set of features from the same source directory. Suppose that you have a source directory $srcdir and two build directories $builddir1 and $builddir2 that contain different configuration headers:

  • $builddir1/myconfig.hpp:

#define ELECTROSTATICS
#define LENNARD_JONES
  • $builddir2/myconfig.hpp:

#define LJCOS

Then you can simply compile two different versions of ESPResSo via:

cd builddir1
cmake ..
make

cd builddir2
cmake ..
make

To see what features were activated in myconfig.hpp, run:

./pypresso

and then in the Python interpreter:

import espressomd
print(espressomd.features())

2.4.2. cmake

In order to build the first step is to create a build directory in which cmake can be executed. In cmake, the source directory (that contains all the source files) is completely separated from the build directory (where the files created by the build process are put). cmake is designed to not be executed in the source directory. cmake will determine how to use and where to find the compiler, as well as the different libraries and tools required by the compilation process. By having multiple build directories you can build several variants of ESPResSo, each variant having different activated features, and for as many platforms as you want.

Once you’ve run ccmake, you can list the configured variables with cmake -LAH -N .. | less (uses a pager) or with ccmake .. and pressing key t to toggle the advanced mode on (uses the curses interface).

Example:

When the source directory is srcdir (the files where unpacked to this directory), then the user can create a build directory build below that path by calling mkdir srcdir/build. In the build directory cmake is to be executed, followed by a call to make. None of the files in the source directory are ever modified by the build process.

cd build
cmake ..
make

Afterwards ESPResSo can be run via calling ./pypresso from the command line.

2.4.3. ccmake

Optionally and for easier use, the curses interface to cmake can be used to configure ESPResSo interactively.

Example:

Alternatively to the previous example, instead of cmake, the ccmake executable is called in the build directory to configure ESPResSo, followed by a call to make:

cd build
ccmake ..
make

Fig. ccmake interface shows the interactive ccmake UI.

ccmake interface

ccmake interface

2.4.4. Options and Variables

The behavior of ESPResSo can be controlled by means of options and variables in the CMakeLists.txt file. Also options are defined there. The following options are available:

  • WITH_CUDA: Build with GPU support

  • WITH_HDF5: Build with HDF5

  • WITH_TESTS: Enable tests

  • WITH_SCAFACOS: Build with ScaFaCoS support

  • WITH_VALGRIND_INSTRUMENTATION: Build with valgrind instrumentation markers

When the value in the CMakeLists.txt file is set to ON, the corresponding option is created; if the value of the option is set to OFF, the corresponding option is not created. These options can also be modified by calling cmake with the command line argument -D:

cmake -D WITH_HDF5=OFF srcdir

In the rare event when working with cmake and you want to have a totally clean build (for example because you switched the compiler), remove the build directory and create a new one.

Environment variables can be passed to CMake. For example, to select Clang, use CC=clang CXX=clang++ cmake .. -DWITH_CUDA=ON -DCUDA_NVCC_EXECUTABLE=$(which clang++). If you have multiple versions of the CUDA library installed, you can select the correct one with CUDA_BIN_PATH=/usr/local/cuda-9.0 cmake .. -DWITH_CUDA=ON (with Clang as the CUDA compiler, you also need to override its default CUDA path with -DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS=--cuda-path=/usr/local/cuda-9.0).

2.5. Compiling, testing and installing

The command make is mainly used to compile the source code, but it can do a number of other things. The generic syntax of the make command is:

make [options] [target] [variable=value]

When no target is given, the target all is used. The following targets are available:

all

Compiles the complete source code. The variable can be used to specify the name of the configuration header to be used.

check

Runs the testsuite. By default, all available tests will be run on 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, or 8 processors.

clean

Deletes all files that were created during the compilation.

install

Install ESPResSo in the path specified by the CMake variable CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX. The path can be changed by calling CMake with cmake .. -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/path/to/espresso. Do not use make DESTDIR=/path/to/espresso install to install to a specific path, this will cause issues with the runtime path (RPATH) and will conflict with the CMake variable CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX if it has been set.

doxygen

Creates the Doxygen code documentation in the doc/doxygen subdirectory.

sphinx

Creates the sphinx code documentation in the doc/sphinx subdirectory.

tutorials

Creates the tutorials in the doc/tutorials subdirectory.

doc

Creates all documentation in the doc subdirectory (only when using the development sources).

A number of options are available when calling make. The most interesting option is probably -j num_jobs, which can be used for parallel compilation on computers that have more than one CPU or core. num_jobs specifies the maximal number of jobs that will be run. Setting num_jobs to the number of available processors speeds up the compilation process significantly.

2.6. Running ESPResSo

2.6.1. Executing a simulation script

ESPResSo is implemented as a Python module. This means that you need to write a python script for any task you want to perform with ESPResSo. In this chapter, the basic structure of the interface will be explained. For a practical introduction, see the tutorials, which are also part of the distribution. To use ESPResSo, you need to import the espressomd module in your Python script. To this end, the folder containing the python module needs to be in the Python search path. The module is located in the src/python folder under the build directory. A convenient way to run python with the correct path is to use the pypresso script located in the build directory.

./pypresso simulation.py

The pypresso script is just a wrapper in order to expose the ESPResSo python module to the system’s python interpreter by modifying the $PYTHONPATH. Please see the following chapter Setting up the system describing how to actually write a simulation script for ESPResSo.

2.6.2. Running an interactive notebook

Running the Jupyter interpreter requires using the ipypresso script, which is also located in the build directory (its name comes from the IPython interpreter, today known as Jupyter). To run the tutorials, you will need to start the Jupyter interpreter in notebook mode:

cd doc/tutorials
../../ipypresso notebook

You may then browse through the different tutorial folders. Files whose name ends with extension .ipynb can be opened in the browser. Click on the Run button to execute the current block, or use the keyboard shortcut Shift+Enter. If the current block is a code block, the In [ ] label to the left will change to In [*] while the code is being executed, and become In [1] once the execution has completed. The number increments itself every time a code cell is executed. This bookkeeping is extremely useful when modifying previous code cells, as it shows which cells are out-of-date. It’s also possible to run all cells by clicking on the “Run” drop-down menu, then on “Run All Below”. This will change all labels to In [*] to show that the first one is running, while the subsequent ones are awaiting execution. You’ll also see that many cells generate an output. When the output becomes very long, Jupyter will automatically put it in a box with a vertical scrollbar. The output may also contain static plots, dynamic plots and videos. It is also possible to start a 3D visualizer in a new window, however closing the window will exit the Python interpreter and Jupyter will notify you that the current Python kernel stopped. If a cell takes too long to execute, you may interrupt it with the stop button.

To close the Jupyter notebook, go to the terminal where it was started and use the keyboard shortcut Ctrl+C twice.

When starting the Jupyter interpreter in notebook mode, you may see the following warning in the terminal:

[TerminalIPythonApp] WARNING | Subcommand `ipython notebook` is deprecated and will be removed in future versions.
[TerminalIPythonApp] WARNING | You likely want to use `jupyter notebook` in the future

This only means ESPResSo was compiled with IPython instead of Jupyter. If Jupyter is installed on your system, the notebook will automatically close IPython and start Jupyter. To recompile ESPResSo with Jupyter, provide cmake with the flag -DIPYTHON_EXECUTABLE=$(which jupyter).

You can find the official Jupyter documentation at https://jupyter.readthedocs.io/en/latest/running.html

2.7. Debugging ESPResSo

Exceptional situations occur in every program. If ESPResSo crashes with a segmentation fault, that means that there was a memory fault in the simulation core which requires running the program in a debugger. The pypresso executable file is actually not a program but a script which sets the Python path appropriately and starts the Python interpreter with your arguments. Thus it is not possible to directly run pypresso in a debugger. However, we provide some useful command line options for the most common tools.

./pypresso --tool <args>

where --tool can be any from the following table. You can only use one tool at a time.

Tool

Effect

--gdb

gdb --args python <args>

--lldb

lldb -- python <args>

--valgrind

valgrind --leak-check=full python <args>

--cuda-gdb

cuda-gdb --args python <args>

--cuda-memcheck

cuda-memcheck python <args>

1

http://espressomd.org

2

http://git.org

3

https://github.com/espressomd/espresso

4

https://cmake.org/

5

http://www.fftw.org/

6

https://developer.nvidia.com/cuda-downloads