# Ferrofluid - Part II¶

Remark: The equilibration and sampling times used in this tutorial would be not sufficient for scientific purposes, but they are long enough to get at least a qualitative insight of the behaviour of ferrofluids. They have been shortened so we achieve reasonable computation times for the purpose of a tutorial.

## Applying an external magnetic field¶

In this part we want to investigate the influence of a homogeneous external magnetic field exposed to a ferrofluid system.

We import all necessary packages and check for the required ESPResSo features

and set up the simulation parameters where we introduce a new dimensionless parameter

$$\alpha = \frac{\mu B}{k_BT} = \frac{\mu \mu_0 H}{k_BT}$$

which is called Langevin parameter. We intentionally choose a relatively high volume fraction $\phi$ and dipolar interaction parameter $\lambda$ to clearly see the influence of the dipole-dipole interaction

Now we set up the system, where we, as we did in part I, only commit the orientation of the dipole moment to the particles and take the magnitude into account in the prefactor of Dipolar P3M (for more details see part I).

Hint: It should be noted that we seed both the Langevin thermostat and the random number generator of numpy. The latter means that the initial configuration of our system is the same every time this script will be executed. As the time evolution of the system depends not solely on the Langevin thermostat but also on the numeric accuracy and DP3M as well as DLC (the tuned parameters are slightly different every time) it is only partly predefined. You can change the seeds to simulate with a different initial configuration and a guaranteed different time evolution.

We now apply the external magnetic field which is

$$B = \mu_0 H = \frac{\alpha~k_BT}{\mu}$$

As only the current orientation of the dipole moments, i.e. the unit vector of the dipole moments, is saved in the particle list but not their strength we have to commit $B\cdot \mu$ as the external magnetic field to ESPResSo. We applying the field in x-direction using the class constraints of ESPResSo

and equilibrate the system for a while

Now we can visualize the current state and see that the particles mostly create chains oriented in the direction of the external magnetic field. Also some monomers should be present.

## Video of the development of the system¶

You may want to get an insight of how the system develops in time. Thus we now create a function which will save a video and embed it in an html string to create a video of the systems development

We now can start the sampling over the animation class of matplotlib